БЕЗОПАСНАЯ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ РАБОТАЮЩЕГО ПОД ИЗБЫТОЧНЫМ ДАВЛЕНИЕМ
Head of the organization, operating and maintaining pressure equipment, must ensure its maintenance in good condition and safe operating conditions. For this it is necessary:
appoint by order of the organization from among the specialists, duly tested knowledge on industrial safety issues, including the requirements of the Rules, face, responsible for the good condition and safe operation of pressure equipment;
appoint the required number of persons from among the maintenance equipment under pressure personnel (workers), meeting the relevant qualification requirements and not having medical contraindications;
организовать производственный контроль в области промышленной безопасности при эксплуатации ОПО и (or) VET according to Article 29 Закона Республики Беларусь «О промышленной безопасности» и Положения об организации и осуществлении производственного контроля в области промышленной безопасности, developed on the basis of the Model Regulations on the organization and implementation of production control in the field of industrial safety ", утвержденного постановлением Министерства по чрезвычайным ситуациям Республики Беларусь от 15 июля 2016 g. № 37;
organize the development and approval of local regulatory legal acts, determining the duties and rights of a person, responsible for the organization of industrial safety, persons, responsible for the good condition and safe operation of pressure equipment, as well as persons, responsible for the implementation of industrial safety, operating instructions for personnel (workers), servicing pressure equipment, developed on the basis of the operating manual for a specific type of pressure equipment, requirements of these Rules, standard instructions and instructions for labor protection;
provide staff (workers), serving (exploitation) pressure equipment, operating instructions and flow diagrams. Operating Instructions for Personnel (workers) must be issued against signature before they are allowed to work independently and be at the workplaces of the personnel;
provide staff (workers) personal protective equipment in accordance with the Instruction on the procedure for providing employees with personal protective equipment;
ensure compliance with the procedure and frequency of testing knowledge on industrial safety issues for managers and specialists, associated with the operation of pressure equipment (conduct a knowledge test taking into account their job responsibilities and the nature of production activities, as well as the requirements of regulatory legal acts, technical regulations, compliance with which is part of their duties);
ensure staff knowledge testing (workers) in the scope of the operating instructions and the procedure for their admission to work;
ensure technical inspection, technical diagnostics, maintenance and preventive maintenance of pressure equipment;
follow the manufacturer's instructions, set by the instruction manual, and prevent the operation of equipment under pressure, in which shut-off and control valves are faulty, instrumentation, safety and blocking devices, means of signaling and protection, and also in cases, when the service life of the pressure equipment has exceeded the service life, indicated by the manufacturer in the passport and there is no justification for its extension, in the manner prescribed by these Rules;
control the state of the metal during the operation of pressure equipment at thermal power plants in accordance with the requirements, set in the instruction manual;
upon detection of violations of industrial safety requirements, take measures to eliminate and prevent them.
Лицо, Responsible for the good condition and safe operation of pressure equipment must have a higher or secondary specialized education in the field, relevant to the work being done. In some cases, responsibility for the good condition and safe operation of pressure equipment may be assigned to a specialist, who does not have a higher education in the profile of work performed, but trained and tested knowledge of industrial safety legislation, including the requirements of these Rules.
For vacation, business trips, illness or in other cases of lack of specialists, who are persons, responsible for the good condition and safe operation of pressure equipment, выполнение их обязанностей возлагается приказом на работников, replacing them in office, прошедших в установленном порядке проверку знаний законодательства в области промышленной безопасности, including the requirements of these Rules.
When performing official duties, a person, the person responsible for the good condition and safe operation of pressure equipment must be guided by these Rules, job description, in accordance with the requirements of which, он, including should:
ensure that pressure equipment is maintained in good condition;
ensure that pressure equipment is serviced by trained and certified personnel (workers), following the instructions for use;
ensure timely repairs;
inspect pressure equipment, in working order, at intervals set by the head of the organization, operating and maintaining pressure equipment;
check daily on working days the entries in the shift journal with a signature in it;
store pressure equipment passports, конструкторскую и эксплуатационную документацию организаций– manufacturers (including instruction manual);
provide preparation for the technical examination of pressure equipment by an expert in the field of industrial safety (Further – expert);
conduct internal and external inspections, hydraulic pressure testing of equipment, subject to state supervision (oversight) in the field of industrial safety, before the presentation of pressure equipment for technical examination by an expert;
conduct internal and external inspections, hydraulic testing of equipment under pressure not subject to registration in Gospromnadzor.
in order, established by the operating organization, conduct emergency drills with service personnel;
participate in inspections, monitoring, technical (technological, verification) character, conducted by control (oversight) authorities and inspections, conducted by a person, authorized to exercise production control, comply with their requirements in a timely manner (prescriptions) to eliminate identified violations;
promptly eliminate the identified malfunctions of pressure equipment and auxiliary equipment of HIFs, POO;
keep records of the operating time of loading cycles of equipment under pressure, operated in a cyclic mode.
Gospromnadzor recommendations on safety measures during the operation of cylinders.
Cylinders must be equipped with valves, tightly screwed into the neck openings or into the filling nozzles for special cylinders, without a neck.
Cylinders with a capacity of more than 100 liters must be equipped with safety valves. In case of group installation of cylinders, it is allowed to install a safety valve on the entire group of cylinders. The flow capacity of the safety valve is confirmed by the calculation.
Side fittings for cylinder valves, filled with hydrogen and other combustible gases, must have a left hand thread, and for cylinders, filled with oxygen and other non-combustible gases, - right hand thread.
Each valve of cylinders for explosive combustible substances, hazardous substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes according to GOST 12.1.007 must be provided with a cap, tightly screwed onto the side fitting.
Valves in oxygen cylinders must be screwed in using sealing materials, ignition of which in an oxygen environment is excluded.
On the upper spherical part of each cylinder, the following data must be knocked out and clearly visible::
manufacturer's information, to be applied in accordance with TR TS 032/2013; information about the technical examination of the cylinder:
the date of the;
brand of the organization, who carried out the technical examination; allowed pressure;
empty weight.
Mass of cylinders, except for acetylene cylinders, indicated taking into account the weight of the applied paint, rings for cap and shoe, if provided by the design, but without the mass of the valve and cap.
Permanently installed cylinders with a capacity of more than 100 liters can be painted in other colors with inscriptions and markings in accordance with the project documentation and the operating manual.
The service life of the cylinders is determined by the manufacturer.. In the absence of such information, the service life of the cylinder is determined 20 years». Examination of industrial safety in order to extend the service life of cylinders for mass use, less than 40 liters are not carried out, their operation beyond the designated service life is not allowed, except for special purpose cylinders, the design of which is determined by an individual project and does not meet the standard designs of cylinders and expertise (technical diagnostics) which are carried out at the end of the service life, and also in cases, established by the equipment operation manual, in which they are used.
Exploitation (filling, Personal data, transportation and use) cylinders, not subject to registration in Gospromnadzor, the main military inspection should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the operating instructions, designed taking into account the properties of the gas, local conditions and the requirements of the instruction manual. workers, service cylinders, must pass a knowledge test on labor protection issues in the scope of the operating instructions.
Gas cylinders can be stored both indoors, as well as outdoors, and must be protected from atmospheric precipitation and sunlight.
Warehousing in the same room of cylinders with oxygen and combustible gases is prohibited.
Gas cylinders, installed indoors, should be at least at a distance 1 m from heating radiators and other heating appliances and stoves and not less than 5 m from heat sources with open flames.
During the operation of the cylinders, the gas contained in them must not be completely consumed.. The residual gas pressure in the cylinder is set in the operating instructions, taking into account the properties of the gas in it, instruction manuals, and must be at least 0,05 MPa.
The release of gases from cylinders into containers with a lower working pressure must be carried out through a reducer, designed for this gas and painted in the corresponding color.
A pressure gauge and a spring-loaded safety valve must be installed on the low pressure chamber of the reducer, adjusted to the appropriate permitted tank pressure, into which gas is passed.
If it is impossible due to a malfunction of the valves to release gas from the cylinders at the place of consumption, the latter must be returned to the filling station. The release of gas from such cylinders at the filling station must be carried out in accordance with the operating instructions..
Filled cylinders with shoes on them must be stored in an upright position.. To protect against falling, cylinders must be installed in specially equipped sockets., cages or fenced off with a barrier.
Cylinders, who don't have shoes, can be stored horizontally on wooden frames or shelving. When stored in open areas, it is allowed to stack cylinders with shoes in stacks with rope gaskets, wooden beams, rubber or other non-metallic materials, having shock-absorbing properties, between horizontal rows.
When stacking cylinders in stacks, the height of the latter should not exceed 1,5 m.
Cylinder valves must face the same direction.
Warehouses for storage of cylinders, filled with gases, should be one-story with light-type coatings and not have attic spaces. Walls, partitions, coverings of gas storage warehouses must be made of non-combustible materials, relevant to the project; windows and doors should open outwards. Window and door glass must be frosted or painted over with white paint.. The height of storage facilities for cylinders must be at least 3,25 m from the floor to the lower protruding parts of the roofing. Warehouse floors must be level and non-slip., and warehouses for cylinders with combustible gases - with a surface of materials, excluding sparking when struck by any objects.
Instructions should be posted in warehouses, regulations and posters for handling cylinders, in stock.
Warehouses for cylinders, filled with gas, arranged according to the project and must have natural or artificial ventilation.
Warehouses for explosive cylinders- and flammable gases must be located in the lightning protection zone.
The storage room for storing cylinders must be divided into compartments by fireproof walls., в каждом из которых допускается хранение не более 500 cylinders (40 liters) with combustible or poisonous gases and no more 1000 cylinders (40 liters) with non-combustible and non-toxic gases.
Compartments for storing cylinders with non-flammable and non-toxic gases can be separated by fireproof partitions with a height of at least 2,5 m with open openings for the passage of people and openings for mechanization. Each compartment must have its own exit to the outside..
Gaps between warehouses for cylinders, filled with gases, between warehouses and adjacent industrial buildings, public spaces, residential buildings are determined by the project and must comply with urban planning standards.
The movement of cylinders at the objects of their use should be carried out on trolleys specially adapted for this purpose or using other devices., ensuring the safety of transportation.
Transportation of cylinders filled with gases must be carried out on spring transport or on autocars in a horizontal position, with gaskets between cylinders. As gaskets, wooden blocks with carved nests for cylinders can be used., as well as rope or rubber rings with a thickness of at least 16 mm (two rings per bottle) or other pads, protecting cylinders from hitting each other. All cylinders during transportation must be stowed with valves in one direction..
Transportation of cylinders in special containers is allowed, as well as without containers in a vertical position, always with gaskets between them and protection against a possible fall.
Cylinders must be transported with caps screwed on., if the design of the cylinder does not provide for other protection of the locking device.
Storage of filled cylinders before issuing them to consumers is allowed without protective caps.
About the rules for using household heating boilers
In emergency reports, coming in the cold season, information is regularly received about burnt or destroyed private houses, as well as victims of exposure to carbon monoxide.
Explosion mechanism simple
Those boilers mainly fall into the risk zone, that don't work all the time., but occasionally. Weak spots, where the heating system can “grab” ice-cold – это расширительные баки, circulation pipes and cold rooms such as an attic.
The main reason, on which boilers explode, – is the heating system freezing.. The water in the pipes stops circulating. The fuel continues to burn. Water boils inside the cast-iron sections of the boiler or pipes. At the same time, the vapor pressure inside the system begins to increase very rapidly.. At some point, a critical pressure point will be reached, which the metal cannot withstand – and what will be the consequences of the destruction of pipes and sections of the boiler, it's impossible to predict. The fact, that at the same time a very large volume of steam-water mixture is ejected into a closed space. The pressure inside the room is rising rapidly. And at best it will end with broken windows. In the worst case scenario, the structures of the premises will be destroyed.
If an ice block has formed …
Installation and commissioning of the heating system should be carried out only by specialized organizations. At the same time, their employees must conduct training for boiler users and make a note about this in the unit's passport.
Before starting the boiler, the homeowner must ensure that, that locking devices must be open on two pipelines at once – volume, who submits, and vice versa. It is necessary to open all the locking devices, installed on the heating system. Remove accumulated condensate from the bottom section of the chimney. This will help prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.. Regularly check the pipe head and chimney channels. Before lighting the cauldron, open the system make-up line and the control line for filling the expansion tank. That, that the system is not frozen, will become clear, when water starts to drain from the control line.
But imagine the following situation: no water came out of the control line. What to do in such a case? If the pressure in the boiler is constantly increasing and has reached the value of the water supply network, then this indicates that, that the heating system is frozen. In such a situation, it is strictly forbidden to kindle the boiler.. Hoping for it, that the steam will break through the ice plug, no need – along with this, the increased pressure will blow the pipe with the boiler. It is necessary to determine the approximate place of freezing of the heating system, warm it up and check, whether water has flowed from the control line when the supply is open. And just when it happened, start lighting the cauldron, while monitoring the readings of the manometer. If the pressure approaches the maximum allowable, immediately stop the fuel supply and remove it from the boiler to a safe place. Так как это свидетельствует о том, that the heating system is NOT heated.
Infrequently, but it also happens, that the boiler itself freezes in the attic. Like a pipe, it is strictly forbidden to warm it with an open fire, you can do this with, eg, hot water. However, if during warm-up you see, that water came out from the heating surface – it means, that the boiler is depressurized. And there is only one way for him – to the repair shop. In this state, it is unsuitable for further operation.. Specialists will digest the steel boiler, well, in cast iron, they will replace the damaged sections and repack them again.
Keep out “Kulibins”
Eight boilers, blown up in the last five years, were homemade. Craftsmen somehow riveted heating units. But understandable, that there is a high risk of, that problems with heating surfaces may begin, fireboxes, stagnant zones … In the end it ends up, that the water overheats and the boiler bursts. Also, keep in mind, What's on “homemade” not installed, usually, no thermometers, no pressure gauges, no safety valves.
And so we warn: do not use homemade boilers and do not trust the installation of certified units to people, who do not have special qualifications. That money, which you want to save on this, may then respond with fire, severe destruction or serious injury.
So is it necessary to risk for the sake of saving your property?, housing, maybe, and health or even life?